Gain of function research has become a major topic of discussion over the past few years. This type of scientific work focuses on altering organisms to study how changes can affect their ability to cause disease, spread, or resist treatments. As useful as these experiments can be for preparing against future pandemics, they carry significant risks and have led to tough questions about oversight, funding, and safety.
Gain of function research involves modifying viruses or bacteria to better understand how they could become more dangerous to humans. By changing an organism’s genetic makeup, researchers can observe how it might adapt to infect new hosts, transmit more easily, or resist medical countermeasures. This field aims to inform public health responses, drug development, and pandemic preparedness.
However, these experiments can also increase the chances of accidental releases or misuse. Many experts agree that robust safety protocols and strict oversight are essential.
The controversy around gain of function research intensified after the COVID-19 pandemic. Some theories suggest that the SARS-CoV-2 virus may have leaked from a research laboratory, sparking debates over the origins of the virus and the role of advanced pathogen research. While a definitive answer remains elusive, the possibility of lab-based accidents has led to a global reassessment of funding, transparency, and safety standards.
Opinions differ on how gain of function research should move forward. Some scientists argue the benefits outweigh the risks, allowing for better vaccines and treatments. Others, however, believe the dangers are too high, especially when experiments are conducted in countries with less oversight.
In response to growing concerns, new policies have emerged regarding funding and safety. Notably, an executive order signed in May 2025 imposes strict limits on federal support for gain of function research conducted overseas in countries with inadequate oversight. The new guidance also calls for greater transparency, stronger enforcement, and regular review of protocols.
According to the official White House order, the aim is to, "end Federal funding of dangerous gain-of-function research conducted by foreign entities in countries of concern (e.g., China), or in other countries where there is not adequate oversight." The policy asks for enhanced reporting and greater public access to information, without compromising national security or intellectual property. Read the full executive order for more details on the new administrative measures to improve the safety and security of biological research.
Leading news organizations such as NPR have reported on these changes, highlighting key voices both in support of and against the moratorium. While some experts worry a complete ban could slow down vital research needed to prevent future outbreaks, stricter rules are viewed as crucial by others, including national security officials.
One of the main arguments in favor of gain of function research is its value for pandemic response. For example, understanding how viruses gain the ability to infect humans can guide vaccine development. Yet, as covered by USA Today, critics worry about the potential for laboratory accidents and question if the benefits truly outweigh the hazards.
Some government officials and scientists believe that accidental leaks are possible even in highly secure labs, and that the stakes are too high to ignore. As Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr. states, “There’s no laboratory that's immune from leaks, and this is going to prevent those kinds of inadvertent leaks from happening in the future and endangering humanity.”
Others point out that a measured, well-regulated approach is necessary. Blanket bans, they argue, might undercut the very science needed to develop new therapies or quickly respond to future outbreaks.
As public debate continues, the future of gain of function research will likely balance scientific freedom with global safety. The recent policy changes are a significant step toward better oversight, but the global scientific community remains divided.
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Gain of function research sits at the intersection of scientific innovation and global safety. Ensuring responsible, transparent practices is vital. New policies underline the need for both robust science and public protection, and the ongoing debate will shape how the world prepares for and prevents future pandemics.